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Ukubaluleka kwezinto zonyango zokwenyani kuye kwaqatshelwa kudala kwindawo ethile yemvelaphi yokuvelisa amayeza emifuno aseTshayina asemgangathweni ophezulu [8]. Umgangatho ophezulu luphawu olubalulekileyo lwezinto zonyango zokwenyani, kwaye indawo yokuhlala yinto ebalulekileyo echaphazela umgangatho wezinto ezinjalo. Ukususela oko i-YCH yaqala ukusetyenziswa njengeyeza, ibisoloko ilawulwa yi-YCH yasendle. Emva kokungeniswa ngempumelelo kunye nokugcinwa kwe-YCH eNingxia ngeminyaka yoo-1980, umthombo wezinto zonyango zeYinchaihu watshintsha kancinci kancinci ukusuka kwi-YCH yasendle ukuya kwi-YCH ekhuliswe endle. Ngokutsho kophando lwangaphambili kwimithombo ye-YCH [9] kunye nophando lwentsimi yeqela lethu lophando, kukho umahluko omkhulu kwiindawo zokusasazwa kwezixhobo zonyango ezityaliweyo kunye nezasendle. I-YCH yasendle isasazwa kakhulu kwiNingxia Hui Autonomous Region yePhondo laseShaanxi, ecaleni kwendawo eyomileyo ye-Inner Mongolia kunye ne-central Ningxia. Ngokukodwa, intlango yentlango kwezi ndawo yindawo efanelekileyo yokukhula kwe-YCH. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-YCH etyaliweyo isasazwa kakhulu emazantsi endawo yokusasazwa kwezilwanyana zasendle, njengeTongxin County (Cultivated I) kunye neendawo ezingqongileyo, eye yaba yindawo enkulu yokulima nokuvelisa eTshayina, kunye nePengyang County (Cultivated II), ekwindawo esemazantsi ngakumbi kwaye yenye indawo yokuvelisa i-YCH etyaliweyo. Ngaphezu koko, iindawo zokuhlala zeendawo ezimbini ezityaliweyo ezingasentla azizizo intlango yezilwanyana zasendle. Ke ngoko, ukongeza kwindlela yokuvelisa, kukwakho umahluko omkhulu kwindawo yokuhlala ye-YCH yasendle netyaliweyo. Indawo yokuhlala yinto ebalulekileyo echaphazela umgangatho wezixhobo zonyango lwezityalo. Iindawo zokuhlala ezahlukeneyo ziya kuchaphazela ukwakheka kunye nokuqokelelwa kwee-metabolites zesibini kwizityalo, ngaloo ndlela zichaphazela umgangatho weemveliso zonyango [10,11]. Ke ngoko, umahluko obalulekileyo kwi-flavonoids iyonke kunye ne-sterols iyonke kunye nokubonakaliswa kwe-metabolites ezingama-53 esizifumene kolu phononongo kusenokuba ngumphumo wolawulo lwentsimi kunye nomahluko weendawo zokuhlala.

Enye yeendlela eziphambili ezichaphazela ngazo imeko-bume yokusingqongileyo umgangatho wezixhobo zonyango kukufaka uxinzelelo kwizityalo ezisuka kuyo. Uxinzelelo oluphakathi kokusingqongileyo ludla ngokukhuthaza ukuqokelelwa kwee-metabolites zesibini [12,13Ingcamango yokulinganisela ukukhula/ukwahluka ithi, xa izondlo zifumaneka ngokwaneleyo, izityalo ziyakhula ngokuyintloko, ngelixa xa izondlo zinqongophele, izityalo ziyahluka kwaye zivelise ezinye ii-metabolites zesibini [14]. Uxinzelelo lwembalela olubangelwa kukungabikho kwamanzi lolona xinzelelo luphambili lokusingqongileyo olujongene nezityalo kwiindawo ezomileyo. Kolu phononongo, imeko yamanzi ye-YCH etyaliweyo ininzi kakhulu, kwaye amanqanaba emvula yonyaka aphezulu kakhulu kunalawo e-YCH yasendle (unikezelo lwamanzi kwi-Cultivated I lwaluphindwe kabini kunalawo e-Wild; i-Cultivated II yayiphindwe kathathu nakahlanu kunalawo e-Wild). Ukongeza, umhlaba okwindawo yasendle ngumhlaba onesihlabathi, kodwa umhlaba okwindawo yokulima ngumhlaba wodongwe. Xa kuthelekiswa nodongwe, umhlaba onesihlabathi unamandla okugcina amanzi kwaye unokubangela ukuba uxinzelelo lwembalela lube lubi ngakumbi. Kwangaxeshanye, inkqubo yokulima yayisoloko ihamba nokunkcenkceshela, ngoko ke izinga loxinzelelo lwembalela laliphantsi. I-YCH yasendle ikhula kwiindawo zokuhlala zendalo ezomileyo ezinzima, kwaye ngenxa yoko inokubandezeleka kakhulu yimbalela.

Ukulawulwa kwe-Osmoregulation yindlela ebalulekileyo ye-physiological apho izityalo zikwazi ukumelana noxinzelelo lwembalela, kwaye ii-alkaloids zilawula i-osmotic ebalulekileyo kwizityalo eziphezulu [15]. IiBetaines ziikhompawundi ze-alkaloid ze-quaternary ammonium ezinyibilikayo emanzini kwaye zinokusebenza njenge-osmoprotectants. Uxinzelelo lwembalela lunokunciphisa amandla e-osmotic eeseli, ngelixa ii-osmoprotectants zigcina kwaye zigcina ulwakhiwo kunye nokuthembeka kwee-macromolecules zebhayoloji, kwaye zinciphise ngempumelelo umonakalo obangelwa luxinzelelo lwembalela kwizityalo [16Umzekelo, phantsi koxinzelelo lwembalela, umxholo we-betaine kwi-sugar beet kunye ne-Lycium barbarum wanda kakhulu [17,18]. I-Trigonelline ngumlawuli wokukhula kweeseli, kwaye phantsi koxinzelelo lwembalela, inokwandisa ubude bomjikelo weseli yesityalo, ithintele ukukhula kweeseli kwaye ikhokelele ekuncipheni komthamo weseli. Ukwanda okulinganiselweyo koxinzelelo lwe-solute kwiseli kwenza isityalo sikwazi ukufezekisa ulawulo lwe-osmotic kwaye sonyuse amandla aso okumelana noxinzelelo lwembalela [19]. JIA X [20] bafumanise ukuba, ngokwanda koxinzelelo lwembalela, i-Astragalus membranaceus (umthombo wamayeza emveli aseTshayina) ivelise i-trigonelline engaphezulu, esebenza ukulawula amandla e-osmotic kunye nokuphucula amandla okumelana noxinzelelo lwembalela. Ii-Flavonoids zikwabonakalisiwe ukuba zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuchaseni izityalo kuxinzelelo lwembalela [21,22]. Inani elikhulu lezifundo liqinisekisile ukuba uxinzelelo oluphakathi lwembalela lwalunegalelo ekuqokeleleni kwee-flavonoids. ULang Duo-Yong et al. [23] bathelekise imiphumo yoxinzelelo lwembalela kwi-YCH ngokulawula amandla okugcina amanzi kwintsimi. Kufunyaniswe ukuba uxinzelelo lwembalela luthintele ukukhula kweengcambu ukuya kwinqanaba elithile, kodwa kuxinzelelo lwembalela oluphakathi nolunzima (40% amandla okugcina amanzi kwintsimi), umxholo we-flavonoid iyonke kwi-YCH uyanda. Okwangoku, phantsi koxinzelelo lwembalela, ii-phytosterol zinokusebenza ukulawula ukugeleza kwe-membrane yeseli kunye nokuphuma kwayo, zithintele ukulahleka kwamanzi kwaye ziphucule ukumelana noxinzelelo [24,25]. Ke ngoko, ukwanda kokuqokelelwa kwee-flavonoids ezipheleleyo, ii-sterol ezipheleleyo, i-betaine, i-trigonelline kunye nezinye ii-metabolites zesibini kwi-YCH yasendle kunokunxulunyaniswa noxinzelelo lwembalela olunamandla aphezulu.

Kolu phononongo, uhlalutyo lokuphucuka kwendlela ye-KEGG lwenziwe kwi-metabolites ezafunyaniswa zahlukile kakhulu phakathi kwe-YCH yasendle neyatyalwayo. I-metabolites ezityebileyo ziquka ezo zibandakanyekayo kwiindlela ze-ascorbate kunye ne-aldarate metabolism, i-aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, i-histidine metabolism kunye ne-beta-alanine metabolism. Ezi ndlela ze-metabolic zinxulumene kakhulu neendlela zokumelana noxinzelelo lwezityalo. Phakathi kwazo, i-ascorbate metabolism idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimveliso ye-antioxidant yezityalo, i-carbon kunye ne-nitrogen metabolism, ukumelana noxinzelelo kunye neminye imisebenzi ye-physiological [26]; i-aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis yindlela ebalulekileyo yokwenziwa kweproteni [27,28], ebandakanyeka ekuhlanganisweni kweeproteni ezimelana noxinzelelo. Zombini iindlela ze-histidine kunye ne-β-alanine zinokuphucula ukunyamezela kwezityalo kuxinzelelo lokusingqongileyo [29,30Oku kubonisa ngakumbi ukuba umahluko kwi-metabolites phakathi kwe-YCH yasendle neyalinywayo yayinxulumene kakhulu neenkqubo zokumelana noxinzelelo.

Umhlaba sisiseko sezinto ezisetyenziswa ekukhuleni nasekuphuhlisweni kwezityalo zonyango. I-nitrogen (N), i-phosphorus (P) kunye ne-potassium (K) emhlabeni zizinto ezibalulekileyo zezondlo ekukhuleni nasekuphuhlisweni kwezityalo. Izinto eziphilayo zomhlaba zikwaqulathe i-N, i-P, i-K, i-Zn, i-Ca, i-Mg kunye nezinye izinto ezincinci kunye nezinto ezifunekayo kwizityalo zonyango. Izondlo ezigqithisileyo okanye ezinqongopheleyo, okanye umlinganiselo wezondlo ongalinganiyo, ziya kuchaphazela ukukhula nophuhliso kunye nomgangatho wezixhobo zonyango, kwaye izityalo ezahlukeneyo zinemfuno ezahlukeneyo zezondlo [31,32,33Umzekelo, uxinzelelo oluphantsi lwe-N lukhuthaze ukwenziwa kwee-alkaloids kwi-Isatis indigotica, kwaye yayiluncedo ekuqokeleleni kwee-flavonoids kwizityalo ezifana neTetrastigma hemsleyanum, i-Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge kunye ne-Dichondra repens Forst. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-N eninzi kakhulu yathintela ukuqokelelwa kwee-flavonoids kwizilwanyana ezifana ne-Erigeron breviscapus, i-Abrus cantoniensis kunye ne-Ginkgo biloba, kwaye yachaphazela umgangatho wezixhobo zonyango [34]. Ukusetyenziswa kwesichumisi se-P kube luncedo ekwandiseni umxholo we-glycyrrhizic acid kunye ne-dihydroacetone kwi-Ural licorice [35]. Xa isixa sokufaka sidlule kwi-0·12 kg·m−2, umxholo we-flavonoid iyonke kwiTussilago farfara wehla [36]. Ukusetyenziswa kwesichumiso se-P kube nefuthe elibi kumxholo wee-polysaccharides kwi-rhizoma polygonati yesintu yamayeza aseTshayina [37], kodwa isichumiso se-K sisebenze kakuhle ekwandiseni umxholo waso wee-saponins [38]. Ukusebenzisa isichumiso se-450 kg·hm−2 K yayiyeyona nto ilungileyo ekukhuleni nasekuqokeleleni kwe-saponin yePanax notoginseng eneminyaka emibini ubudala [39]. Phantsi komlinganiselo we-N:P:K = 2:2:1, isixa sipheleleyo se-hydrothermal extract, i-harpagide kunye ne-harpagoside yayizezona ziphezulu [40]. Umlinganiselo ophezulu we-N, P kunye ne-K wawuluncedo ekukhuthazeni ukukhula kwe-Pogostemon cablin kunye nokunyusa umxholo we-volatile oil. Umlinganiselo ophantsi we-N, P kunye ne-K wonyusa umxholo wezinto eziphambili ezisebenzayo ze-Pogostemon cablin stem leaf oil [41]. I-YCH sisityalo esingenamveliso sinyamezela umhlaba, kwaye sinokuba neemfuno ezithile zezondlo ezifana ne-N, i-P kunye ne-K. Kolu phononongo, xa kuthelekiswa ne-YCH etyaliweyo, umhlaba wezityalo ze-YCH zasendle wawungenamveliso: umxholo womhlaba wezinto eziphilayo, i-N iyonke, i-P iyonke kunye ne-K iyonke yayimalunga ne-1/10, 1/2, 1/3 kunye ne-1/3 yezityalo ezityaliweyo, ngokulandelelana. Ke ngoko, umahluko kwizondlo zomhlaba usenokuba sesinye isizathu somahluko phakathi kwee-metabolites ezifunyenwe kwi-YCH etyaliweyo kunye ne-YCH yasendle. Weibao Ma et al. [42] bafumanise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwesixa esithile sesichumisi se-N kunye nesichumisi se-P kuyiphucule kakhulu isivuno kunye nomgangatho wembewu. Nangona kunjalo, impembelelo yezinto zesondlo kumgangatho we-YCH ayicacanga, kwaye amanyathelo okuchumisa ukuphucula umgangatho wezixhobo zonyango afuna uphando olongezelelekileyo.

Amayeza esintu aseTshayina aneempawu ezithi “Iindawo zokuhlala ezilungileyo zikhuthaza isivuno esihle, kwaye iindawo zokuhlala ezingalunganga ziphucula umgangatho” [43]. Kwinkqubo yokutshintsha kancinci ukusuka kwi-YCH yasendle ukuya kwi-YCH etyaliweyo, indawo yokuhlala yezityalo yatshintsha ukusuka kwintlango eyomileyo nengenamhlwa yaya kwindawo yokulima echumileyo enamanzi amaninzi. Indawo yokuhlala ye-YCH etyaliweyo ingcono kwaye isivuno siphezulu, nto leyo eluncedo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zemarike. Nangona kunjalo, le ndawo yokuhlala ibalaseleyo ikhokelele kutshintsho olukhulu kwi-metabolites ye-YCH; ukuba oku kuyanceda na ekuphuculeni umgangatho we-YCH kunye nendlela yokufezekisa imveliso esemgangathweni ye-YCH ngokusebenzisa amanyathelo okulima asekelwe kwisayensi kuya kufuna uphando olongezelelweyo.

Ukulima indawo yokuhlala efanayo yindlela yokulinganisa indawo yokuhlala kunye neemeko zendalo zezityalo zamayeza zasendle, ngokusekelwe kulwazi lokuziqhelanisa kwexesha elide kwezityalo kwiingcinezelo ezithile zendalo [43]. Ngokulinganisa izinto ezahlukeneyo ezichaphazela izityalo zasendle, ingakumbi indawo yokuqala yokuhlala yezityalo ezisetyenziswa njengemithombo yezinto zonyango zokwenyani, le ndlela isebenzisa uyilo lwesayensi kunye nokungenelela kwabantu okutsha ukulinganisela ukukhula kunye nemetabolism yesibini yezityalo zonyango zaseTshayina [43]. Ezi ndlela zijolise ekufezekiseni amalungiselelo afanelekileyo ophuhliso lwezixhobo zonyango ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Ukulima indawo yokuhlala efanayo kufuneka kubonelele ngendlela esebenzayo yokuvelisa i-YCH esemgangathweni ophezulu nokuba isiseko se-pharmacodynamic, iimpawu zomgangatho kunye neendlela zokuphendula kwiimeko zendalo azicacanga. Ngokufanelekileyo, sicebisa ukuba uyilo lwesayensi kunye namanyathelo olawulo lwentsimi ekulimeni nasekuveliseni i-YCH kufuneka enziwe ngokubhekiselele kwiimpawu zendalo ze-YCH yasendle, njengeemeko zomhlaba owomileyo, ongenanto kunye nomhlaba onesihlabathi. Kwangaxeshanye, kukwanethemba lokuba abaphandi baya kwenza uphando olunzulu ngakumbi ngesiseko sezinto ezisebenzayo kunye neempawu zomgangatho ze-YCH. Ezi zifundo zinokubonelela ngemigangatho yovavanyo esebenzayo ngakumbi ye-YCH, kwaye zikhuthaze imveliso esemgangathweni ophezulu kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo lweshishini.