inkcazelo emfutshane:
I-Pharmacopoeia yaseTshayina (i-2020 edition) idinga ukuba isicatshulwa se-methanol se-YCH akufanele sibe ngaphantsi kwe-20.0% [2], kungekho ezinye izalathisi zovavanyo lomgangatho ezichaziweyo. Iziphumo zolu phononongo zibonisa ukuba imixholo yeesampulu zemethanol zasendle kunye neesampulu ezilinywayo zombini zidibana nomgangatho we-pharmacopoeia, kwaye akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo phakathi kwabo. Ke ngoko, kwakungekho mahluko womgangatho obonakalayo phakathi kweesampulu zasendle kunye nezilinywayo, ngokweso salathisi. Nangona kunjalo, imixholo ye-sterols iyonke kunye ne-flavonoids iyonke kwiisampuli zasendle zaziphezulu kakhulu kunezo kwiisampuli ezilinywayo. Uhlalutyo olongezelelweyo lwe-metabolomic lubonise iyantlukwano eninzi ye-metabolite phakathi kwesampulu zasendle kunye nezilinyiweyo. Ukongeza, i-97 ye-metabolites eyahlukileyo kakhulu yahlolwa ngaphandle, edweliswe kwiITheyibhile eyoNgezelelweyo S2. Phakathi kwezi metabolites ezihluke kakhulu zi-β-sitosterol (i-ID yi-M397T42) kunye ne-quercetin derivatives (M447T204_2), eziye zabikwa njengezithako ezisebenzayo. Amacandelo angaxelwanga ngaphambili, afana ne-trigonelline (M138T291_2), i-betaine (M118T277_2), i-fustin (M269T36), i-rotenone (M241T189), i-arctiin (M557T165) kunye ne-loganic acid (M399T284) i-metabotes edibeneyo. La malungu adlala iindima ezahlukeneyo kwi-anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, scavening free radicals, anti-cancer kunye nokunyanga i-atherosclerosis kwaye, ngenxa yoko, inokwenza inoveli esebenzayo yezinto ezisebenzayo kwi-YCH. Umxholo wezithako ezisebenzayo umisela ukusebenza kunye nomgangatho wezinto zonyango [7]. Isishwankathelo, isicatshulwa se-methanol njengeyona nto kuphela isalathisi sokuvavanya umgangatho we-YCH inemida ethile, kwaye iimpawu ezingaphezulu zomgangatho kufuneka zihlolwe ngakumbi. Kwakukho ukungafani okuphawulekayo kwi-sterols epheleleyo, i-flavonoids iyonke kunye nemixholo yezinye ezininzi ze-metabolites ezihlukeneyo phakathi kwe-YCH yasendle kunye neyokulima; ke, bekukho umahluko onokubakho womgangatho phakathi kwabo. Kwangaxeshanye, izithako ezisebenzayo ezisanda kufunyanwa kwi-YCH zinokuba nexabiso elibalulekileyo lereferensi kuphononongo lwesiseko esisebenzayo se-YCH kunye nophuhliso olongezelelweyo lwezixhobo ze-YCH.
Ukubaluleka kwezixhobo zonyango lokwenyani kudala kwaqatshelwa kwingingqi ethile yemvelaphi yokuvelisa amayeza esintu aseTshayina akumgangatho obalaseleyo [
8]. Umgangatho ophezulu luphawu oluyimfuneko lwemathiriyeli yokwenene yamayeza, kwaye indawo yokuhlala yinto ebalulekileyo echaphazela umgangatho wezinto ezinjalo. Oko i-YCH yaqala ukusetyenziswa njengeyeza, kudala ilawulwa yi-YCH yasendle. Ukulandela ukwaziswa okuyimpumelelo kunye nokufuywa ekhaya kwe-YCH e-Ningxia ngeminyaka yee-1980, umthombo wezinto zonyango ze-Yinchaihu ngokuthe ngcembe wasuka endle ukuya kwi-YCH elimiweyo. Ngokophando lwangaphambili kwimithombo ye-YCH [
9] kunye nophando lwentsimi yeqela lethu lophando, kukho ukungafani okuphawulekayo kwiindawo zokusasazwa kwezinto eziye zalinywa kunye nezasendle. I-YCH yasendle isasazwa kakhulu kwiNgingqi ye-Ningxia Hui Autonomous yePhondo laseShaanxi, kufuphi nendawo eyomileyo ye-Inner Mongolia kunye ne-Ningxia ephakathi. Ngokukodwa, i-steppe yasentlango kwezi ndawo yeyona ndawo ifanelekileyo yokukhula kwe-YCH. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-YCH elinywayo isasazwa kakhulu kumzantsi wendawo yokusabalalisa zasendle, njenge-Tongxin County (I-Cultivated I) kunye neendawo ezizungezile, eziye zaba yeyona ndawo inkulu yokulima kunye nemveliso e-China, kunye ne-Pengyang County (I-Cultivated II) , ekummandla osemazantsi ngakumbi kwaye ongomnye ummandla wokuvelisa iYCH elinywayo. Ngaphezu koko, iindawo zokuhlala kwezi ndawo zimbini zilinyiweyo azikho entlango. Ke ngoko, ukongeza kwindlela yokuvelisa, kukho umahluko omkhulu kwindawo yokuhlala yasendle kunye ne-YCH elimiweyo. Indawo yokuhlala yinto ebalulekileyo echaphazela umgangatho wezinto zonyango lwezityalo. Iindawo zokuhlala ezahlukeneyo ziyakuchaphazela ukubunjwa kunye nokuqokelelwa kwe-metabolites yesibini kwizityalo, ngaloo ndlela kuchaphazela umgangatho weemveliso zonyango [
10,
11]. Ngoko ke, ukungafani okuphawulekayo kwimixholo ye-flavonoids epheleleyo kunye ne-sterols iyonke kunye nokubonakaliswa kwee-metabolites ze-53 esizifumene kolu cwaningo lunokuba ngumphumo wokulawulwa kwentsimi kunye nokungafani kwendawo yokuhlala.
Enye yeendlela eziphambili zokuba okusingqongileyo kuphembelele umgangatho wezinto zonyango kukwenza uxinzelelo kwimithombo yezityalo. Uxinzelelo oluphakathi kokusingqongileyo luthanda ukuvuselela ukuqokelelwa kweemetabolites yesibini [
12,
13]. I-hypothesis yokukhula / yokwahlukana ichaza ukuba, xa izondlo zifumaneka ngokwaneleyo, izityalo zikhula ngokuyintloko, kanti xa izondlo zinqongophele, izityalo ziyahlula kwaye zivelise i-metabolites yesibini.
14]. Uxinzelelo lwembalela olubangelwa kukunqongophala kwamanzi lolona xinzelelo lwemekobume olujongene nezityalo kwiindawo eziyimiqwebedu. Kolu phononongo, imeko yamanzi ye-YCH elinywayo ininzi kakhulu, kunye namanqanaba emvula yonyaka aphezulu kakhulu kunalawo e-YCH yasendle (unikezelo lwamanzi lwe-Cultivated I malunga ne-2 amaxesha e-Wild; I-cultivated II yayimalunga namaxesha e-3.5 ye-Wild ). Ukongeza, umhlaba okwindawo yasendle ngumhlaba onesanti, kodwa umhlaba wokulima ngumhlaba wodongwe. Xa kuthelekiswa nodongwe, umhlaba oyintlabathi awunawo amandla okugcina amanzi kwaye usenokwandisa uxinzelelo lwembalela. Kwangaxeshanye, inkqubo yokulima yayidla ngokukhatshwa kukunkcenkceshelwa, ngoko umlinganiselo wembalela wawuphantsi. I-Wild YCH ikhula kwiindawo zokuhlala ezinqabileyo zendalo, kwaye ngenxa yoko inokuba noxinzelelo olukhulu lwembalela.
I-Osmoregulation yindlela ebalulekileyo ye-physiological apho izityalo zijamelana noxinzelelo lwembalela, kunye ne-alkaloids zibalulekile zokulawula i-osmotic kwizityalo eziphezulu.
15]. I-Betaines ziikhompawundi ze-alkaloid ze-quaternary ammonium ezinyibilikayo emanzini kwaye zinokusebenza njenge-osmoprotectants. Uxinzelelo lwembalela lunokunciphisa amandla e-osmotic yeeseli, ngelixa i-osmoprotectants igcina kwaye igcina isakhiwo kunye nokunyaniseka kwe-biological macromolecules, kunye nokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo umonakalo obangelwa uxinzelelo lwembalela kwizityalo [
16]. Ngokomzekelo, phantsi koxinzelelo lwembalela, umxholo we-betaine we-sugar beet kunye ne-Lycium barbarum yanda kakhulu [
17,
18]. I-Trigonelline ngumlawuli wokukhula kweeseli, kwaye phantsi koxinzelelo lwembalela, inokwandisa ubude bomjikelezo weseli yesityalo, inqanda ukukhula kweeseli kwaye ikhokelele ekunciphiseni umthamo weseli. Ukonyuka okuhambelana nokugxininiswa kwe-solute kwiseli kwenza ukuba isityalo siphumelele ukulawulwa kwe-osmotic kunye nokwandisa amandla aso okuxhathisa uxinzelelo lwembalela [
19]. JIA X [
20] yafumanisa ukuba, ngokunyuka koxinzelelo lwembalela, i-Astragalus membranaceus (umthombo wamayeza endabuko aseTshayina) ivelise i-trigonelline eninzi, eyenza ukulawula amandla e-osmotic kunye nokuphucula amandla okumelana noxinzelelo lwembalela. I-Flavonoids nayo ibonakaliswe ukuba idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuxhathiseni izityalo kuxinzelelo lwembalela [
21,
22]. Inani elikhulu lezifundo liqinisekisile ukuba uxinzelelo lwembalela oluphakathi lwalunceda ekuqokeleleni kwe-flavonoids. ULang Duo-Yong et al. [
23] kuthelekisa imiphumo yoxinzelelo lwembalela kwi-YCH ngokulawula umthamo wokubamba amanzi kwintsimi. Kwafunyaniswa ukuba uxinzelelo lwesomiso luthintele ukukhula kweengcambu kwinqanaba elithile, kodwa kuxinzelelo oluphakathi kunye nolunzima lwesomiso (i-40% yamandla okugcina amanzi entsimi), umxholo we-flavonoid opheleleyo kwi-YCH wanda. Okwangoku, phantsi koxinzelelo lwembalela, i-phytosterols inokusebenza ukulawula ukunyibilika kwe-cell membrane kunye nokungena, inqanda ukulahleka kwamanzi kunye nokuphucula ukuxhathisa uxinzelelo [
24,
25]. Ke ngoko, ukonyuka kwengqokelela ye-flavonoids iyonke, i-sterols iyonke, i-betaine, i-trigonelline kunye nezinye ii-metabolites zesibini kwi-YCH yasendle inokunxulumana noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwembalela.
Kolu phononongo, uhlalutyo lwendlela ye-KEGG yokutyebisa lwenziwa kwi-metabolites efunyenwe yahluke kakhulu phakathi kwe-YCH yasendle kunye ne-YCH. I-metabolites ephuculweyo yayiquka abo babandakanyekayo kwiindlela ze-ascorbate kunye ne-aldarate metabolism, i-aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, i-histidine metabolism kunye ne-beta-alanine metabolism. Ezi ndlela zemetabolism zihambelana ngokusondeleyo neendlela zokumelana noxinzelelo lwezityalo. Phakathi kwabo, i-ascorbate metabolism idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimveliso ye-antioxidant yezityalo, i-carbon kunye ne-nitrogen metabolism, ukumelana noxinzelelo kunye neminye imisebenzi yomzimba.
26]; i-aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis yindlela ebalulekileyo yokwenza iprotheni [
27,
28], ebandakanyeka ekudityanisweni kweeproteni ezikwazi ukumelana noxinzelelo. Zombini iindlela ze-histidine kunye ne-β-alanine zinokunyusa ukunyamezela kwezityalo kuxinzelelo lwendalo [
29,
30]. Oku kubonisa ngakumbi ukuba ukungafani kwe-metabolites phakathi kwe-YCH yasendle kunye neyokulima yayinxulumene ngokusondeleyo neenkqubo zokumelana noxinzelelo.
Umhlaba sisiseko sezinto zokukhula kunye nophuhliso lwezityalo zonyango. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) kunye ne potassium (K) emhlabeni zizinto ezibalulekileyo zezondlo zokukhula nophuhliso lwezityalo. Izinto eziphilayo zomhlaba nazo ziqulethe i-N, P, K, Zn, Ca, Mg kunye nezinye ii-macroelements kunye ne-trace elements ezifunekayo kwizityalo zonyango. Izondlo ezigqithisileyo okanye ezinqongopheleyo, okanye imilinganiselo yezondlo ezingalungelelananga, ziya kuchaphazela ukukhula kunye nophuhliso kunye nomgangatho wezinto zonyango, kunye nezityalo ezahlukeneyo zineemfuno ezahlukeneyo zezondlo [
31,
32,
33]. Umzekelo, uxinzelelo oluphantsi lwe-N lukhuthaze ukuhlanganiswa kwe-alkaloids kwi-Isatis indigotica, kwaye kwaba luncedo ekuqokeleleni i-flavonoids kwizityalo ezifana neTetrastigma hemsleyanum, iCrataegus pinnatifida Bunge kunye ne-Dichondra repens Forst. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-N eninzi ithintele ukuqokelelana kwe-flavonoids kwiintlobo ezifana ne-Erigeron breviscapus, i-Abrus canntoniensis kunye ne-Ginkgo biloba, kwaye yachaphazela umgangatho wezinto zonyango [
34]. Ukusetyenziswa kwesichumisi se-P kwakusebenzayo ekwandiseni umxholo we-glycyrrhizic acid kunye ne-dihydroacetone kwi-Ural licorice [
35]. Xa inani lesicelo lidlula i-0·12 kg·m−2, umxholo we-flavonoid uwonke eTussilago farfara wehla [
36]. Ukusetyenziswa kwesichumiso se-P kwaba nefuthe elibi kumxholo we-polysaccharides kwiyeza lemveli laseTshayina i-rhizoma polygonati [
37], kodwa isichumiso se-K sasisebenza kakuhle ekwandiseni umxholo wesaponins [
38]. Ukufaka isichumiso esingama-450 kg·hm−2 K yeyona nto ilungileyo ekukhuleni nasekuqokeleleni i-saponin ye-Panax notoginseng eneminyaka emibini ubudala [
39]. Ngaphantsi komlinganiselo we-N: P: K = 2: 2: 1, inani elipheleleyo le-hydrothermal extract, i-harpagide kunye ne-harpagoside yayiphezulu [
40]. Umlinganiselo ophezulu we-N, P kunye no-K waba luncedo ekukhuthazeni ukukhula kwe-Pogostemon cablin kunye nokwandisa umxholo weoli eguqukayo. Umlinganiselo ophantsi we-N, P kunye no-K unyuse umxholo weyona nxalenye isebenzayo ye-Pogostemon cablin stem oil leaf [
41]. I-YCH isityalo esingenakukwazi ukunyamezela umhlaba, kwaye sinokuba neemfuno ezithile zezondlo ezifana ne-N, P kunye ne-K. Kolu phononongo, xa kuthelekiswa ne-YCH ehlakulwayo, umhlaba wezityalo ze-YCH zasendle wawunenkqantosi: iziqulatho zomhlaba yezinto eziphilayo, i-N, iyonke i-P kunye ne-K iyonke yayimalunga ne-1/10, 1/2, 1/3 kunye ne-1/3 yezityalo ezilinywayo, ngokulandelelanayo. Ke ngoko, umahluko kwizondlo zomhlaba unokuba sesinye isizathu somahluko phakathi kwe-metabolites efunyenwe kwi-YCH elinyiweyo kunye neyasendle. Weibao Ma et al. [
42] yafumanisa ukuba ukufakwa kwesixa esithile sesichumiso se-N nesichumiso se-P kusiphucule kakhulu isivuno nomgangatho wembewu. Nangona kunjalo, umphumo wezakhi zondlo kumgangatho we-YCH awucacanga, kwaye amanyathelo okuchumisa ukuphucula umgangatho wezinto zonyango kufuneka ufundwe ngakumbi.
Amayeza esintu aseTshayina aneempawu "Iindawo zokuhlala ezithandekayo zikhuthaza isivuno, kwaye iindawo zokuhlala ezingafanelekanga ziphucula umgangatho" [
43]. Kwinkqubo yokutshintsha kancinci ukusuka endle ukuya kwi-YCH elinywayo, indawo yokuhlala yezityalo yatshintsha ukusuka kwindawo eyinkqantosi kunye nentlango eyinkqantosi ukuya kumhlaba wokulima ochumileyo onamanzi amaninzi. Indawo yokuhlala yeYCH elinywayo iphezulu kwaye isivuno siphezulu, nto leyo eluncedo ukuhlangabezana nemfuno yemarike. Nangona kunjalo, le ndawo yokuhlala iphezulu ibangele utshintsho oluphawulekayo kwi-metabolites ye-YCH; ingaba oku kukulungele ukuphucula umgangatho we-YCH kunye nendlela yokufikelela kwimveliso ekumgangatho ophezulu we-YCH ngokusebenzisa amanyathelo okulima asekelwe kwisayensi kuya kufuna uphando olongezelelweyo.
Ukulima okulinganayo kwendawo yokuhlala yindlela yokulinganisa indawo yokuhlala kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo zezityalo zamayeza asendle, ngokusekelwe kulwazi lokulungelelaniswa kwexesha elide lezityalo kuxinzelelo oluthile lokusingqongileyo [
43]. Ngokulinganisa izinto ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo ezichaphazela izityalo zasendle, ngakumbi indawo yokuhlala yokuqala yezityalo ezisetyenziswa njengemithombo yezinto eziyinyani zonyango, le ndlela isebenzisa uyilo lwezenzululwazi kunye nokungenelela kwabantu okutsha ukulinganisa ukukhula kunye nemetabolism yesibini yezityalo zamayeza aseTshayina [
43]. Iindlela zijolise ekufezekiseni amalungiselelo afanelekileyo okuphuhliswa kwezinto eziphezulu zonyango. Ukulima okulinganayo kwendawo yokuhlala kufuneka kubonelele ngendlela esebenzayo yomgangatho ophezulu wemveliso ye-YCH naxa isiseko se-pharmacodynamic, iimpawu zomgangatho kunye neendlela zokuphendula kwizinto zokusingqongileyo zingacacanga. Ngokunjalo, sicebisa ukuba uyilo lwezenzululwazi kunye namanyathelo olawulo lwentsimi ekulimeni nasekuveliseni i-YCH kufuneka iqhutywe ngokubhekiselele kwiimpawu zokusingqongileyo ze-YCH zasendle, ezifana neemeko zomhlaba owomileyo, ongenanto kunye nesanti. Kwangaxeshanye, kukwanethemba lokuba abaphandi baya kuqhuba uphando olunzulu ngakumbi kwisiseko sezinto ezisebenzayo kunye nabamakishi bekhwalithi yeYCH. Ezi zifundo zinokubonelela ngeendlela zokuvavanya ezisebenzayo ngakumbi ze-YCH, kwaye zikhuthaze imveliso ekumgangatho ophezulu kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo lweshishini.
